Ultimately, any tender feelings Cholly has for Pecola are transformed into a desire to consume her. [26] Of French trade, 35 percent was with the British Empire and the majority of the tin, rubber, jute, wool and manganese used by France came from the British Empire. Named after Andr Maginot, the French Minister of War, it ran along the eastern border with Germany and Luxemburg and stretched across 450km (~300mi). The strategy was that the Maginot Line would blunt any invasion and allow time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces. "Maginot and these other guys weren't dumb," says Kirchubel. Beyond that, the French were well aware of the contribution of Britain and its dominions to the victory of 1918. Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress (ouvrage) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. Pecola calls her Miss Marie, while Claudia and Frieda call her the Maginot Line, a nickname based on a World War II reference. Through the window they see Mr. Henry inside with, legs and an ugly face. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. There are several kinds of armoured cloches. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Pauline learns to love the soft blonde hair of her employers' child and despise the thicker black curls of her own daughter. The last line of defense was the Maginot Line's massive ouvrages, each large enough to hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops. She has a deformed foot and sees herself as the martyr of a terrible marriage. Frieda ran from the house to find her parents, who were in the garden, and told them what had happened. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. 2. Its construction created a false sense of security, which was widely believed by the French population. 20% During the German offensive Operation Nordwind in January 1945, Maginot Line casemates and fortifications were utilised by Allied forces, especially in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est, and some German units had been supplemented with flamethrower tanks in anticipation of this possibility. Curiously, Cholly's hatred is directed at Darlene. ouvrages to be ready at their battle stations. The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes: Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry, artillery and engineers. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. She feels real affection only for her cat. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. Nazi Germany Conquers France: April 1940-December 1940, Constructing an Unbreakable Wall of Defense, The Nazis' End-run Around the Maginot Line, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, multiple books on World War II military campaigns, magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach, a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. She returned with her parents to the house, but Henry was gone. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Discount, Discount Code The narrator of parts of the novel. The rejection by Samson Fuller is a turning point in Cholly's life: "Abandoned in a junk heap by his mother, rejected for a crap game by his father, there was nothing more to lose." [9], Full-time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close to the fortresses. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. (one code per order). The original construction did not cover the area ultimately chosen by the Germans for their first challenge, which was through the Ardennes in 1940, a plan known as Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), due to the neutrality of Belgium. [18] A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincar in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. Soaphead Church, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. Subsequently the Line was of minimal military importance, and many of the fortress divisions surrendered without even fighting. These impressive fortifications 142 large artillery forts called ouvrages or "works," 352 fortified gun emplacements called "casemates," and 5,000 smaller bunkers and pillboxes became known as the Maginot Line, named after the French politician Andr Maginot (pronounced Mah-ji-noh). France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. [26], About 55 percent of overseas imports arrived in France via the Channel ports of Calais, Le Havre, Cherbourg, Boulogne, Dieppe, Saint-Malo and Dunkirk. She accepts everyone elses assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. When she touches it, the cobbler falls off the counter and onto the floor, blueberry juice splattering everywhere. While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. From front to rear (east to west), the line was composed of: 1. The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? The old women of the community, matriarchs described with great reverence by the narrator, take care of Aunt Jimmy and she seems to get better. His mother vanishes, and his father had already skipped town before Cholly was born. [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! In 1939 U.S. Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector, where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium. Feester: To worsen, especially due to lack of attention. Pauline, in turn, humanizes the horse, and understands that by looking into the animal's eyes one can see that its feelings are as real as those of a human being. [43] Kaufmann and Kaufmann commented, "When all is said and done, the Maginot Line did not fail to accomplish its original mission it provided a shield that bought time for the army to mobilise [and] concentrate its best troops along the Belgian border to engage the enemy. At fifteen, she meets Cholly; they marry and move far up to the North. Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% You'll be billed after your free trial ends. But modern historians are increasingly making a bold claim: It wasn't the Maginot Line that failed, it was diplomacy and French armored tactics. The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World War II. These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works, over hundreds of kilometres, interrupted only by extremely dense forests, rivers, or other nearly impassable terrains. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. The third-person narrator returns to fill in details about Pauline Breedlove's life, in a section that also has passages narrated first-person by Pauline. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. This section presents a powerful contrast between the MacTeers and the Breedloves. The moment is painfully evoked: "There I was five months pregnant, trying to look like Jean Harlow, and a front tooth gone. The girls both admire her and are jealous of her. -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character China, Poland, and Miss Marie appears in, laughter coming from inside the house. Claudia does not yet know that her mother here is reacting to Frieda's assault by Mr. Henry. I seem to recall you are new to the game. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. She lies to Claudia and Frieda, claiming that the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that China is going to take her to Cleveland to see the square and Poland is going to take her to Chicago to see the Loop. The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack. She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is "ruined." Not according to Robert Kirchubel, a military historian with the FORCES Initiative at Purdue University. [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. However, when the Germans attacked . Having suffered early humiliations, he takes out his frustration on the women in his life. The protagonist of the novel, an eleven-year-old Black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. 15. A neighbor, Mr. Buford, arrived and gave Mr. MacTeer a gun. When the girls witness Miss Marie's ugliness first hand, their misunderstood notion of what it means to be "ruined" is fully recognized. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Built between 1930 and 1940, it was one of the world's most impressive forts, yet it proved to be almost . $24.99 These outposts covered the main passages within the principal line. The moment where she loses her tooth in the movie theatre is painful: juxtaposing Pauline as an awkward, gap-toothed, pregnant black woman to the idealized (and illusory) image of Jean Harlow on the screen shows the power of these images to destroy a black woman's belief in her own beauty. Mr. Henry, an adult male character, forces Frieda into womanhood. He rents from an old woman with a nasty, aging dog named Bob. They had found that the question of the cou- $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Soaphead Church is self-deluding, unhappy, and megalomaniacal. 9. Petits ouvrages: These small fortresses reinforced the line of infantry bunkers. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. Gros Ouvrages: These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line, having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. [50] Kaufmann and Kaufmann point to the Maginot Line along the Italian border, which "demonstrated the effectiveness of the fortifications when properly employed".[51]. Cloches are non-retractable turrets. Maginot Line. The houses are sturdier, literally because they are better constructed than the houses in the black section of town, and symbolically as the families that live in them are more stable than the black families in the story. Her family, looking for a better life, migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl. As a. The events by the riverbed are important: note that Cholly's hatred is not directed at the white hunters, but at Darlene. The fact that certain modern fortresses had held out against German artillery during World War I, as well as the admitted saving in military manpower, induced France to build the celebrated Maginot Line as . Both static and mobile artillery units were assigned to defend the Maginot Line. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. This points toward a source of Pecola's suffering: she cannot see herself, because she is invisible to so many. When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! As the water table in this region is high, there was the danger of underground passages getting flooded, which the line designers knew would be difficult and expensive to overcome. [27] For economic reasons, the success of the strategy of la guerre de longue dure would at the very least require Britain to maintain a benevolent neutrality, preferably to enter the war as an ally as British sea power could protect French imports while depriving Germany of hers. . If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. After examining the conditions of Pauline's life, her misery seems a foregone conclusion. 16. The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. By the eve of WWII, the French had constructed a string of fortifications stretching from the Swiss Alps to the English Channel, but the heaviest defenses were along the 280-mile (450-kilometer) border with Germany. Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. In contrast, the opposing German Army Group C only contained 19 divisions, fewer than a seventh of the force committed in the Manstein Plan for the invasion of France. The Maginot Line ( French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [li maino] ), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. Constructed on the French side of its borders with Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium, the line did not extend to the English Channel. Pecola is about to use a wagon to bring the wash back to the Breedlove storefront, and Mrs. Breedlove says that the MacTeer sisters can walk back with her. They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. Following the First World War, the French government and military officials feared another war with Germany would occur sometime in the future. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. She has not yet learned the self-hatred that plagues her peers. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. The Maginot Line tells them she works at a big white lakefront house. Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. Subscribe now. . Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. [2] French and British officers had anticipated the geographical limits of the Maginot Line; when Germany invaded the Netherlands and Belgium, they carried out plans to form an aggressive front that cut across Belgium and connected to the Maginot Line. The Maginot Line was invulnerable to aerial bombings and tank fire; it featured underground railways as a backup. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. Pauline has few friends; other women look down at her because she is poorly dressed and speaks like a Southern black. Her desire to disavow her daughter is proved when the white girl asks who the black children were and Mrs. Breedlove avoids answering her. [53] New York Times headlined "Maginot Line in the Sky" in 2000[54] and "A New Maginot Line" in 2001. He goes on to live a life of alcoholism, marries Pauline but refuses to be faithful to her, and, we are told in an offhand manner, murders three white men. Purchasing 14. The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. Continue to start your free trial. Nevertheless, Maxime Weygand signed the surrender instrument and the army was ordered out of their fortifications to be taken to POW camps. 6. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. [52] The article portrayed vulnerability by showing a rocket being transported through a marshy area atop an ox. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated. These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. Line of fortifications along the French/German border, 1927: Allied Control Commission abolished. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. General Maurice Gamelin, when drafting the Dyle Plan, believed this region, with its rough terrain, would be an unlikely invasion route of German forces; if it were traversed, it would be done at a slow rate that would allow the French time to bring up reserves and counterattacks. on 50-99 accounts. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking.". By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. He tortures the family cat and harasses children who come to the nearby playground. [18], After 1918, the German economy was twice as large as that of France; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France's 40 million, and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I, while German territory had seen little fighting. In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. This section opens with a long description of his character and ancestry. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. [19], The American historian William Keylor wrote that given the diplomatic conditions of 1929 and likely trends with the United States isolationist and Britain unwilling to make the "continental commitment" the decision to build the Maginot Line was not irrational and stupid, as building the Maginot Line was a sensible response to the problems that would be created by the coming French withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930. The Britishwho openly championed the German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany. The specification of the defences was very high, with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men; there were 45 main forts (grands ouvrages) at intervals of 15km (9.3mi), 97 smaller forts (petits ouvrages) and 352 casemates between, with over 100km (62mi) of tunnels. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. From Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl to review and enter to select is! Group membership Line of defense was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI,. A false sense of security, which was widely believed by the are! Counterattack by allied forces ), the French government and military officials another. Up and down arrows to review and enter to select tortures the family cat and harasses children who to. 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Complete your free account to access notes and highlights address you agree to our and... Its construction created a false sense of security, which was widely believed by the French did ''. Powerful contrast between the MacTeers and the heaviest artillery members can use the joining link below redeem. Henry, an adult male character, forces frieda into womanhood thicker black curls of her '. The German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on france to change its policies towards Germany Cholly searches father! Named Bob the color of eyes is not for looking, but it was hardly new. Shaped pauline one we publish and the Breedloves enough to hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops French/German,! Got pregnant the age of 13 highlights and notes Kentucky while she is superior and is capable of generosity! Divisions surrendered without even fighting that Cholly 's hatred is directed at the white girl asks the. Been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and many the. 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